英语学术论文写作
引言
There are many ways to introduce an academic essay or short paper. Most academic writers, however, appear to do one or more of the following in their introductions:
Establish the context, background and/or importance of the topic
Indicate an issue, problem, or controversy in the field of study
Define the topic or key terms
State of the purpose of the essay/writing
Provide an overview of the coverage and/or structure of the writing
阐明文章选题的语境、背景、意义。 指出学界在该领域的问题、不足、分歧。 解释主题或关键术语。 阐明写作目的。 概述文章结构及内容范围。
Introductions to research articles and dissertations tend to be relatively short but quite complex. Some of the more common moves include:
Establish the context, background and/or importance of the topic
Giving a brief synopsis of the relevant literature
Indicating a problem, controversy or a knowledge gap in the field of study
Establishing the desirability of the research
Listing the research questions or hypotheses
Providing a synopsis of the research method(s)
Explaining the significance or value of the study
Defining certain key terms
Providing an overview of the dissertation or report structure
Explaining reasons for the writer’s person interest in the topic
阐明文章选题的语境、背景、意义。 简短概述相关文献。 指出学界在该领域的问题、分歧、知识缺口。 阐述文章合意性。 列举研究中的问题（questions）或假说。 概述研究方法。 解释研究价值或意义。 解释部分关键术语。 概述文章（报告）结构。 解释作者对该领域个人兴趣的由来。
Examples of phrases which are commonly employed to realize these functions are listed below.
Establishing the importance of the topic for the world or society
X is a fundamental property of …
X is fast becoming a key instrument in …
X is a common disorder characterized by …
X plays an important role in the maintenance of …
Xs are the most potent anti-inflammatory agents know.
X is a major public health problem, and the main cause of …
Xs are one of the most rapidly declining groups of insects in …
In the new global economy, X has become a central issue for …
X is the leading cause of death in western-industrialised countries.
Xs are one of the most widely used groups of antibacterial agents and …
X is increasing recognized as a serious, worldwide public health concern.
X is an important component in the climate system, and plays a key role in Y.
In the history of development economics, X has been thought as a key factor in …
Establishing the importance of the topic for the discipline
A key aspect of X is …
X is a classic problem in …
A primary concern of X is …
X is at the heart of our understanding of …
X is an increasingly important area in applied linguistics.
Investigating X is a continuing concern within …
Central to the entire discipline of X is the concept of …
X and Y have been an object of research since the 1960s.
X is a major area of interest within the field of …
The issue of X has received considerable critical attention.
X has been studied by many researchers using …
One of the most significant current discussions in legal and moral philosophy is …
Synopsis of literature
Previous studies have reported …
Recent evidence suggests that …
Several attempts have been made to …
Studies of X show the importance of …
A number of researchers have reported …
Recently investigators have examined the effects of X on Y.
Factors found to be influencing X have been explored in several studies.
In the past two decades a number of researchers have sought to determine …
A considerable amount of literature has been published on X. These studies …
Surveys such as that conducted by Smith (1988) showed that …
The first serious discussions and analyses of X emerged during the 1970s with …
There have been a number of longitudinal studies involving X that have reported …
Xs were reported in the first models of Y (e.g., Smith, 1977; Smith and Patel, 1977).
What we know about X is largely based upon empirical studies that investigate how …
Smith (1984: 217) shows how, in the past, research in X was mainly concerned with …
Highlighting a problem
However, a major problem with this kind of application is …
Lack of X has existed as a health problem for many years.
However, these rapid changes are having a serious effect on …
Despite its safety and efficacy, X suffers from several major drawbacks:
However, research has consistently shown that these students lack …
There is increasing concern that some Xs are being disadvantaged …
Despite its long clinical success, X has a number of problems in use.
Questions have been raised about the safety of prolonged use of …
Along with this growth in X, however, there is increasing concern over …
To date there has been little agreement on what …
One major issue in early X research concerned …
The issue has grown in importance in light of recent …
One observer has already drawn attention to the paradox in …
Questions have been raised about the safety of prolonged use of …
Debate continues about the best strategies for the management of …
In many Xs, a debate is taking place between Ys and Zs concerning …
This concept has recently been challenged by X studies demonstrating …
The debate about X has gained fresh prominence with many arguing that …
More recently, literature has emerged that offers contradictory findings about …
One of the most significant current discussions in legal and moral philosophy is …
One major theoretical issue that has dominated the field for many years concerns …
The controversy about scientific evidence for X has raged unabated for over a century.
The causes of X have been the subject of intense debate within the scientific community.
The issue of X has been a controversial and much disputed subject within the field of …
In the literature on X, the relative importance of Y has been subject to considerable debate.
指导老师：宁 梅
信息采集提供：戴佳沛
图文编辑：王 倩
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