分类、列举
分类，指基于事物共性将其分组并命名，以助理解事物特有的品质和特征，区分事物间的差别。列举，是对一系列信息系统的呈现。列举的顺序可提现重要性上的差别。
When we classify things, we group and name them on the basis of something that they have in common. By doing this we can understand certain qualities and features, which they shares as a class. Classifying is also a way of understanding differences between things. We list things when we want to treat and present a series of items or different pieces of information systematically. The order of a list may indicate rank importance.
一般分类
General classifications
classes.
X may be divided into three main sub-groups.
categories.
on the basis of
X may be classified according to Y into Xi and Xii.
depending on
in terms of
It has become commonplace to distinguish ‘passive’ from ‘active’ forms of X.
There are two main types of memory: declarative and non-declarative memory.
Associative learning can be categorized into classical and operant conditioning.
Bone is generally classified into two types: X bone, as known as …, and Y bone or …
Systems theory distinguishes two different types of X, i.e. social and semantic Xs.
The works of Aristotle fall under three headings: (1) dialogues and …; (2) collections of facts and …; and (3) systematic works.
There are two basic approaches currently being adopted in research into X. One is the Y approach and the other is …
Generally, spectra typing provides two types of information: band intensity pattern and band number.
具体分类
Specific classifications
according to whether …
In the US system, X is graded on the basis of …
in terms of …
divided
Smith (1996) classified Xs into two broad types: Xi’s and Xii’s.
grouped
Thomas (1996) describes four basic kinds of validity: logical, content, criterion and construct
Individuals were classified as belonging to upper or lower categories of …
Smith and Jones (2003) argue that there are two broad categories of Y, which are: a) … and b) …
For Aristotle, motion is of four kinds: (1) motion which …; (2) motion which …; (3) motion which …; and (4) motion which …
To better understand the mechanism of X and its therapeutic implications, Smith (2011) classified X into 3 distinct types using …
引入列举
Introducing lists
This topic can best be treated under three headings: X, Y and Z.
The key aspects of management can be listed as follows: X, Y and Z.
There are three reasons why the English language has become so dominant. These are:
The disadvantages of the new approach can be discussed under three headings, which are …
Appetitive stimuli have two separable basic functions. Firstly, they … Secondly, they…
This section has been included for several reasons: it is …; it illustrates …; and it describes …
引述他人列举
Referring to other people’s lists
Smith and Jones (1991) list X, Y and Z as the major causes of infant mortality.
Smith (2003) lists the main features of X as follows: it is X; it is Y; and it has Z.
Smith (2003) argues that there are two broad categories of Y, which are: a) … and b) …
Smith (2003) suggests three conditions for its acceptance. Firstly, X should be … Secondly, it need to be … Thirdly …
For Aristotle, motion is of four kinds: (1) motion which …; (2) motion which …; (3) motion which …; and (4) motion which …
指导老师：宁 梅
信息采集提供：戴佳沛
图文编辑：王 倩
贵公网安备
52011102002446号