常用句型
1.与健康对照组相比，与患病对照组相比。
compared to the healthy control, as compared to the diseased control.
2.这些也解释了在这项工作中使用甘油来增加叶绿素含量。
These also explain the application of glycerol to increase chlorophyll content in this work.
3.一些报告描述了高浓度暴露对种子的影响发芽和幼苗生长。
Several reports described effects of high concentration exposure on seed
germination and seedling growth.
4.土壤肥力一直是研究人员和工业界非常感兴趣的研究领域，他们正在努力寻找新的途径来提高作物产量和植物营养。
Soil fertility has been a research area of great interest for researchers and industries who are making efforts to find new routes to improve crop yield and plant nutrition.
5. 而然，关于__方面的.....
However, there is limited information about the effects of.....
6.研究目的或者研究待解决__.
The aim of present study was to investigate/Toward this aim, we have examined the role of__.
7.这项研究是由__产生的一个相对较新的领域。
This research constitutes a relatively new area which has emerged from __.
8.在过去的几十年里，__在__中起了重要的作用。
In the past several decades, __ have played an important role in __.
9.这是研究__的领域。
This is the field of study that deals with __.
10.本文以__领域为主要研究对象。
This thesis considers the field of __ as the main subject of its study.
11.这个领域的大多数研究都是为了解决这个问题。
Most of the research in this field is aimed at solving this problem.
12.一般情况下，在有氧水体中锑、砷主要以五价的形式存在，而厌氧水环境中则以三价为主。
Generally, Sb and As exist primarily in the pentavalent form in aerobic water, and the trivalence form in the anaerobic water.
13.碳酸盐岩中和酸性矿山废水（Acid mine drainage，AMD）会产生含有大量铁（氢）氧化物的AMD次生铁泥沉淀，该中和产物可有效去除锑、砷等金属离子。
The ecological environment can be severely polluted and destroyed by the acid mine drainage (AMD) generated during the exploration and utilization of minerals.
14.重金属的组成和含量以及pH的改变也会影响铁矿物相的变化。
The Fe phase also varies with different components, contents, and pH values of heavy metals.
15.如无定型矿物水铁矿在无Pb时会向针铁矿和磁铁矿转变而在有Pb时最终产物为纤铁矿。
For example, ferrihydrite, an amorphous mineral, will transform into goethite and magnetite under the condition without Pb, but the final product will be lepidocrocite due to the existence of Pb.
16.而在喀斯特地区，AMD在地表流动过程中会与裸露的碳酸盐岩反应，提高AMD的pH，影响As、Sb的迁移转化过程。
In karst regions, the AMD can react with exposed carbonate rocks during the earth’s surface flow, which increases its pH level and affects the migration and transformation of As and Sb.
17.本研究利用碳酸盐岩中和不同Fe(Ⅱ)、Sb(V)、As(V)浓度的酸溶液，考察碳酸盐岩中和过程对Fe(Ⅱ)、Sb(V)、As(V)的去除效果。
In this study, the acid solutions with different concentrations of Fe, Sb and As were neutralized by carbonate rocks to investigate the removal effects of these elements during this neutralization process.
18.由于砷具有高毒性，致癌性，并且它能够威胁到生态系统的安全、人类健康及环境的可持续性。因此，它作为一种重要的有害污染，收到了全球性的关注。
Arsenic as an important hazardous pollutant has attracted global attention increasingly due to its high toxicity and carcinogenicity, that poses a severe threat to the ecological system, human health and social sustainability.
19.这项技术主要包括分为两个部分：基于溶解度的湿法冶金砷氧化物在溶液和火法冶金中的挥发性高温下的砷氧化物。
The technologies are mainly classified into two categories: hydrometallurgy based on the solubility of arsenic oxides in solution and pyrometallurgy based on the volatility of arsenic oxides at high temperatures.
20.2019年12月首次发现的新型严重急性呼吸综合征冠状病毒2号(SARS-CoV-2)是一种影响全球的病毒。
The novel severe acute respiratory syndrome corona virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which was first discovered in December 2019, is a virus which has had a global impact.
21.光催化技术是一种构建高活性光催化剂(半导体)以修复环境污染的环保工艺。
Photocatalysis technology is an environmentally friendly process that constructs highly active photocatalysts (semiconductors) for remediating environmental pollution.
22.由于于高活性半导体光催化剂在能量转换和环境污染修复方面的优势，一直以来都是研究的重点。
Many researchs activity have been focused on lucubrating highly active semiconductor photocatalysts, which is due to advantageous performance about energy conversion and environmental pollution remediation.
23.生态系统得到修复。
The ecosystem could then begin to recover.
24.渔业捕捞生态系统已遭破坏，且无法修复了，其结果是蒙受永久丧失鱼类和海洋资源之痛。
Corral ecosystem has been damaged beyond repair, thus risking the loss of fish and Marine resources for good.
常用词汇
1.土壤重金属污染 soil heavy metal pollution
2.水环境质量 water environment quality
3.挥发性有机物污染 Volatile organic pollution
4.浸出毒性 leaching toxicity
5.活性污泥 activated sludge
6.环境污染防治措施environmental pollution control measure
7.环境调查 environmental survey
8.满足污染物排放标准 Meet the pollutant emission standards
9.碳达峰 carbon peak
10.土壤样品采集 soil sample collection
11.农村生活污水 rural domestic sewage
12.农村生活污水处理设施 rural domestic sewage treatment facility
13. 现有农村生活污水处理设施 existing rural sewage treatment facility
14. 新（改、扩）建农村生活污水处理设施 new rural sewage treatment facility
15. 再生水 reclaimed water
16. 城市杂用水 urban miscellaneous use
17. 冲厕用水 toilet flushing use
18. 城市绿化用水 urban landscaping use
19. 道路清扫用水 street sweeping use
20. 消防用水fire protection use
21. 建筑施工用水construction site and concrete production use
22.土壤修复soil remediation
23. 氧化还原电位xidation-reduction potential
24.溶解氧dissolved oxygen
25. 大气颗粒态汞particulate bound mercury
26. 气态单质汞gaseous elemental mercury
27. 溶解有机物dissolved organic matter
28. 甲基汞methyl mercury
30. 微生物sulfate reducing bacterium
31. 钝化修复passivation restoration
32. 生态修复ecological remediation
33.酸性矿山排水Acid mine drainage
34.被动处理Passive processing
35. 主动处理Active processing
36. 煤矸石coal gangue
37. 水文地球化学hydrogeochemistry
38. 帷幕灌浆技术curtain grouting technology
39. 可渗透反应屏障permeable reactive barrier
40. 尾矿mine trailing
41. 二氧化碳捕集、利用和封存Carbon Capture, Utilization and Storage (CCUS)
42. 充填体paste backfill
43. 环保工程学Environmental Engineering
44. 工程环境保护Engineering Environment Protection
45. 环境保护工程Environmental Protection Engineering
46. 环境保护工程Environmental Engineering
47. 环保住宅工程EP Housing Engineering
句型：
可靠的信息源 A reliable source of information
宝贵的自然资源 Valuable natural resources
在人类生活的方方面面 In all aspects of human life
环保的材料 Environmentally friendly materials
社会进步的体现 A symbol of society progress
理论和实践相结合 Integrate theory with practice
眼前利益 Immediate interest/ short-term interest
长远利益 Long-tem interest
有其自身的优缺点 …Has its own merits and demerits / pros and cons
对…有害 Do harm to / be harmful to / be detrimental to
跟上…的最新发展 Keep pace with / keep abreast with the latest development of …
…的健康发展 The healthy development of …
有直接/间接关系 Be directly / indirectly related to
导致很多问题 Give rise to / lead to / spell various problems
可降解的/可分解的材料 Degradable/decomposable material
充分利用 Make full use of / take advantage of
主要理由列举如下 The main / leading reasons are listed as follows
我们还有很长的路要走 We still have a long way to go
随着科技的进步 …With the advanee of scienee and technology
… 是紧急的 It is urgent that
外因火灾 exogenous fire
吸附等温线 adsorption isothermal
游离二氧化硅 free silica
注浆堵水 grouting for water-blocking
自然发火煤层 coal seam prone to spontaneous combustion
大气颗粒物/降水 Atmospheric particulates/precipitation
沉降的颗粒物 Deposited particulate matter
海平面上升 Sea level rise
农用土地 Agricultural lan
污染的土壤 Contaminated soil
土壤盐碱化 Soil salination
生物多样性和保护区 Biological diversity and protected areas
农业生物技术 Agricultural biotechnologies
淡水保护 Conservation of freshwater
污水处理厂 Sewage treatment plants
需氧/厌氧过程 Aerobic/Anaerobic processes
生物降解/脱氮作用/富营氧化 Biodegradation/Denitrification/Eutrophication
污染治理设备 Pollution abatement equipment
污染控制技术 Pollution control technology
矿山回填 Mine filling
污水处理系统 Sewage treatment systems
固体废物处置 Solid waste disposal
污染物的危害 Hazards of pollutants
在人体组织中的积累 Accumulation in body tissues
环境监测 Environmental monitoring
工业废水/排放物/烟尘/噪声 Industrial effluents/emissions/fumes/noise
1.The forms in which metals are found in thhe crust of he earth and as seabed deposits depend on their reactivity with their environment, particularly with oxygen, sulfur, and earbon dioxide.
金属元素在地壳和海底沉积物中的形式取决于它们与周围环境的反应性，特别是与氧、硫和二氧化碳的反应性。
2.Many minerals exhibit isomorphism, where substitution of atoms within the crystal structure by similar atoms take palce without affecting the atomic structure.
许多矿物存在“类质同象”，即矿物晶体中的原子被其相近原子取代而不改变晶体结构的现象。
3.For both cases, it would be interesting to consider how the varying environmental parameters in shallow-sea vent micro-environments might affect otherwise well-understood reactions-and, in particular, to understand if or how different prebiotic reactions might be able to co-exist in this geochemical parameter space. The modern alkaline shallow vent analogue sites described here demonstrate some of the variety of origin-of-life reaction conditions that might exist in shallow alkaline hydrothermal environments; this may also be relevant for predicting what kinds of environments should be investigated on other planets for signs of prebiotic chemistry or life. On Mars, for example, there are various lines of evidence of ancient hydrothermal activity; relevant examples include the Eridiania basin, which hosts massive saponite-containing seafloor hydrothermal deposits, and it is possible that hydrothermal alteration could have taken place in Jezero crater (the Perseverance landing site). Current and future missions can shed light on hydrothermal mineral formation processes on Mars and relevant prebiotic conditions that could have existed.
对于这两种情况，考虑浅海喷口微环境中不同的环境参数如何影响已经很好理解的反应，特别是了解不同的前生物反应是否或如何能够在这个地球化学参数空间中共存，将是很有趣的。这里描述的现代碱性浅水喷口模拟地点展示了一些可能存在于浅水碱性热液环境中的生命起源反应条件；这也可能与预测在其他星球上应该调查什么样的环境来寻找生命前化学或生命的迹象有关。例如，在火星上，有各种证据表明古代有热液活动；相关的例子包括拥有大量含皂石的海底热液矿床的Eridiania盆地，热液蚀变可能发生在Jezero陨石坑(毅力号着陆点)。当前和未来的任务可以揭示火星上热液矿物形成过程和可能存在的相关前条件。
4.As a key stage of the Earth's history, the Cambrian witnessed the appearance of small shelly animals and the origination and radiation of trilobites, known as the Cambrian explosion. As a result of the biological innovation and mass extinction, profound changes in the carbon isotopes of marine carbonate have been observed for multiple times in the Cambrian period.寒武纪是地球历史的一个关键阶段，见证了小壳动物的出现和三叶虫的起源和辐射，以寒武纪大爆发而著称。由于生物出现和物种大灭绝，寒武纪多次观测到海相碳酸盐碳同位素的深刻变化。
5.Heavy metals are necessary for various biological processes, but they become harmful in excess. Specifically, they induce oxidative stress by generating free radicals and reducing antioxidant levels. Heavy metal salsoalter the confirmation of protein and DNA and inhibit their function. Chelation therapy is commonly used to treat metals toxicity. Chelation is a chemical process that occurs when interaction between a central metal atom/ion and ligand leads to formation of a complex ring-like structure. The ligand has a donor ion/molecule, which has alone pair of electrons and may be monodentate to polydentate. Each metal has a different reactivity with a ligand, so a specific chelation agent is required for each metal. Combination therapy with a chelating agent and an antioxidant led to improved outcome.
重金属是各种生物过程所必需的，但它们在过量时变得有害。具体来说，它们通过产生自由基和减少抗氧化剂水平来诱发氧化压力。重金属还改变了蛋白质和DNA的确认，抑制了它们的功能。螯合疗法通常用于治疗金属的毒性。螯合是一个化学过程，当中心金属原子/离子和配体之间的相互作用导致形成一个复杂的环状结构时就会发生。配体有一个供体离子/分子，它有一个内罗电子，可能是多齿的。螯合剂和抗氧化剂的联合治疗可提高疗效。
6. 硫化物的氧化风化作用在岩浆中产生硫酸，它可以与碳酸盐矿物发生反应，并将沉积碳以二氧化碳的形式释放到大气中。
The oxidative weathering of sulfides produces sulfuric acid in the regolith, which can react with carbonate minerals and release sedimentary carbon as CO2 into the atmosphere .
7. 化学风化作用通过消耗地球固体脱气释放的CO2产生碱度，从而驱动海洋中的碳酸盐沉淀来调节地球碳循环。
Chemical weathering modulates Earth's carbon cycle by consuming the CO2 emitted from solid Earth degassing, producing alkalinity and driving carbonate precipitation in the ocean.
8. Complex sulfide ores such as pyrite, chalcopyrite, and sphalerite, produced during mining activities, are considered sources for AMD formation. AMD is formed by the combination of water in the form of precipitation, oxygen, and sulfate-reducing microbes. The characteristics of AMD wastewater depend on various environmental factors such as the nature of the climate, soil structure, and the volume of waste materials. The sulfide minerals cause elevated levels of heavy metals, sulfate, and H+ ions in AMD and increase the bioaccumulation of metallic species in the environment. AMD wastewater contains sulfates with a high concentration of sulfuric acid and a solution of ferrous metals. Hence, the higher levels of acidity increase the solubilization process of metals such as Zn and Al and also other metals namely Cu, Mn, and Ni . On the other hand, sulfur compounds and other metals solubilize easily, persist in the water, and ultimately contaminate the ecosystem.
在采矿活动中产生的复杂硫化矿物，如黄铁矿、黄铜矿和闪锌矿，被认为是 AMD 形成的主要来源。AMD 是由硫化矿物与水、氧气和硫酸盐还原微生物结合形成的。AMD 废水的特性取决于各种环境因素，例如气候性质、土壤结构和废物量。硫化矿物会导致 AMD 中的重金属、硫酸盐和 H+ 离子水平升高，并增加金属在环境中的生物积累。 AMD 废水含有硫酸盐以及高浓度硫酸和黑色金属溶液。因此，较高水平的酸度会增加 Zn 和 Al 等金属以及其他金属即 Cu、Mn 和 Ni的溶解。另一方面，硫化物和其他金属很容易溶解，持久存在于水中，并最终污染生态系统。
9. The sedimentary features and paleogeographic evolution of the Maokou Formation in Zunyi show that the platform, slope, and deep-water basin sedimentary features coexisted during the Permian Maokou Period. In addition, the extensional setting and extinguishing of carbonate production factories were important preconditions for the evolution of the platform region in the study area, and the activity of syndepositional faults also played an important role in the paleogeographic evolution of this area.
贵州遵义地区茅口组沉积特征及古地理演化表明，二叠纪茅口期为台地、斜坡和深水盆地沉积特征并存，拉张伸展的区域背景和区域碳酸盐工厂的萎缩是研究区台地演化的主要前提，同沉积断裂活动对演化产生了重要影响。
10.Heavy metal enrichment in soils has been linked to the weathering of lithologies with high geochemical backgrounds, such as black shale. 土壤中重金属的富集与具有高地球化学背景的岩性风化有关，如黑色页岩。
11.Heavy metals in the environment are derived from natural processes (e.g., geological weathering) and anthropogenic sources such as vehicle exhaust, fertilizer application, coal combustion and ore mining and smelting 环境中的重金属来源于自然过程（如地质风化）和人为来源，如车辆尾气、化肥施用、煤炭燃烧以及矿石开采和冶炼
12. It is unlikely that data on how life originated will be provided by the palaeontological record. There is no geological evidence of the environmental conditions on Earth at the time of the origin of life, nor any fossil register of the evolutionary processes that preceded the appearance of the first cells. Direct information is lacking not only on the composition of the terrestrial atmosphere during the period of the origin of life, but also on the temperature, ocean pH values, and other general and local environmental conditions which may or may not have been important for the emergence of living systems.
古生物学记录不太可能提供关于生命起源的数据。没有地质学证据表明生命起源时地球上的环境条件，也没有任何化石记录表明第一个细胞出现之前的进化过程。不仅缺乏关于生命起源期间陆地大气组成的直接信息，而且缺乏关于温度、海洋 pH 值以及其他一般和当地环境条件的直接信息，这些条件可能对生命系统的出现至关重要，也可能不重要。
13. The oldest known rocks that could possibly contain relics of life are>3.7Ga metasediments (upper amphi- bolite facies:>650°C with multiple deformations) in the Itsaq Gneiss Complex of Greenland. From these, many microfossils and biomarkers have been reported but all have been subsequently discounted. Evidently, at such high metamorphic grades, only isotopic geochemistry can provide satisfactory evidence of life, but even then its interpretation is not straightforward. Carbon isotope values are reset by metamorphism above greenschist facies, either by isotopic equilibration between kerogen and carbonates, or by expulsion of light hydrocarbons from kerogen.
已知最古老的可能含有生命遗迹的岩石是格陵兰岛伊萨克片麻岩杂岩中 > 3.7 Ga 变质沉积物(上角闪岩相: > 650 °C，具有多重变形)。许多微化石和生物标志物已经被报道，但其研究价值随后都被打了折扣。显然，在如此高的变质等级下，只有同位素地球化学能够提供令人满意的生命证据，但即便如此，它的解释也不是直截了当的。碳同位素值通过绿片岩相上的变质作用，或者通过干酪根和碳酸盐之间的同位素平衡，或者通过从干酪根中排出轻烃而重置。
14. Archaean organisms were morphologically simple. Microfossils are spheroidal or ellipsoidal unicells that reproduced by binary fission, or filamentous chains of discoidal cells with or without cylindrical extracellular mucilaginous sheaths. As microbes are architecturally conservative, this does not necessarily imply minimal taxonomic diversity. In the modern world, a huge range of metabolic styles can lurk under the guise of a simple sphere or cylinder. So, taxonomic diversity may well have rivalled that of many modern microbial ecosystems.
太古宙有机体在形态上很简单。微体化石是球状或椭圆形的单细胞，通过二元裂变或丝状盘状细胞链复制，有或没有圆柱形细胞外粘液鞘。由于微生物在结构上是保守的，这并不一定意味着有限的分类多样性。现代各种各样的新陈代谢方式都可以隐藏在一个简单的球体或圆柱体的外表下。因此，太古宙生物分类的多样性可能足以与许多现代微生物生态系统的多样性相媲美。
15. Marine plankton was presumably also common, because basinal kerogenous shales are widespread and abundant. These have such high organic carbon contents (up to 165mg/g), even after diagenetic and metamor- phic decarbonation, that it is extremely unlikely that benthic production alone could have fixed so much carbon at such depths.
海洋浮游生物可能也很常见，因为盆地干酪根页岩分布广泛且丰富。即使在成岩作用和变质脱碳作用之后，这些底栖生物的有机碳含量也非常高(高达165毫克/克) ，因此，仅靠底栖生物的生产不太可能在如此深的海底固定如此多的碳。
16. Shemesh found that the conditions for phosphate ovulite formation are similar to those of fish bones and the whole-rock phosphorites are as good as fish remains for palaeothermometry. Therefore, sedimentary apatite may preserve a record of the environmental temperature and isotope composition of seawater from the early Proterozoic to present.
Shemesh发现，磷酸盐卵石形成的条件与鱼骨相似，全岩磷酸盐与鱼类遗骸一样适合进行古温度测量。因此，沉积磷灰石可能保存了早元古代至今的海水环境温度和同位素组成的记录。
17.In addition to water redox conditions, sedimentary Mo enrichments are also controlled by seawater Mo availability, which is related to basinal hydrology and the size of the oceanic Mo reservoir. Seawater Mo availability can be derived from Mo/TOC because Mo-enrichment effects can be evaluated based on TOC.
沉积钼的富集除了受水氧化还原条件的控制外，还受海水钼有效性的控制，这与盆地水文和大洋钼储层的大小有关。海水中钼的有效性可以从 Mo/TOC 中获得，因为可以基于 TOC 评估钼的富集效应。
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