哲学类句子与词汇

①free to积极自由

②free from消极自由

③logos逻各斯

④nous努斯

⑤dialectics辩证法

⑥emancipation\befreiung解放

⑦Analytical phenomenalism分析现象主义

⑧Animal symbolically符号化的动物

⑨Anticipation of perception知觉之预想

⑩The Chinese awsthetic spirit中华美学精神

11Aesthetic psychology审美心理

12Life Aesthetics生命美学

13aesthetics of the digital数字美学

14Somaesthetics身体美学

15ecological aesthetics生态美学

16natural aesthetics自然美学 

17natural beauty自然美

18eco-friendly生态友好

19Metaverse元宇宙

20Experience体验

21enlightenment启蒙

22disenchantment祛魅

23self-awareness自我意识

24self-determination theory自我决定论

25Category范畴

26instrumental reason工具理性

27determinate negation有规定的否定

28transcendental先验

29transcendent超验

30empirical经验

31social reality社会现实

32self-alienation自我异化

33self-objectification自我对象化

34subjectivity主体性

35sensibility感性

36sensory illusion感觉错觉

37Augustiniansim奥古斯丁主义

38Authoritarainism权威主义

39economic determinism经济决定论

40ego自我

41logical empiricism逻辑经验主义

42logical truth逻辑真

43radical empiricism彻底的经验主义

44intersubjectivity主体间性

45Chinese-type modernization中国式现代化

46common prosperity共同富裕

47dissimilation异化

48instrumental reason工具理性

49selfcognition自证知

50three appearance三分说

51dual appearance二分依他起

52the Three Natures and the Three Natures of Non-existence三性三无性

53develop and enlighten one’s original mind发明本心

54Sage has emotions but no ensnarement圣人有情无累

55Mind unifies nature and emotions心统性情

56There is not any thing outside mind心外无物

57Mind contains all principles心具众理

58demonstrating an evidence量

59proof of the matter intended(to be proved by disputant)能立

60self-nature自性因

61effect果性因

62non-apprehension不可得因

63“All that is real or is a product is impermanent, like the things such as pot.And sound is real or a product.”若是“有”/“所作”，彼则皆无常，例如“瓶”等。声是“有”/“所作”

64futility of utility无用之用：It is generally recognized that Zhuangzi's futility of utility metaphorically signifies the natural futility of Tao.一般认为，庄子的无用之用是以隐喻的方式对自然无为之道的拟说。

65Metaphysical形而上学的：The metaphysical world outlook sees things as isolated, static and one-sided.形而上学宇宙观用孤立的、静止的和片面的观点去看世界。

66thing-in-itself物自体：Thing-in-itself——the Joint of Kantism Philosophy——FromResplendent Night SkytoMorals Court.物自体——康德哲学的关节点——从“璀璨星空”到“道德法庭”

67phenomena现象：Philosophically, metaphysics leads to the Ultimate Reality based on the observation of the phenomena of the world.哲学形而上学由现象世界的考察而导向关于存在之终极实在性的思考。

68Apperception统觉：In contrast to perception, which refers to the external world apperception is introspection, conscious thought, or the consciousness of internal states. In apperception the self is aware of itself as being a unity and as possessing the power to act. For Leibniz, all monads have perception, but only a special kind of monad which he called“rational soul”has apperception. According to him, it is by virtue of this consciousness that we become persons. The concept of apperception played a central role for Kant. Kant distinguished between empirical apperception(inner sense)which amounts to introspection and the transcendental unity of apperception(I think)which accompanies all of our representations and combines concepts and intuitions in knowledge.与有关外部世界的知觉相对，统觉是内省、是被意识到的思想、或是对内在状态的意识。在统觉中，自我意识到自身是一个统一体，意识到自身具有行动的能力。在莱布尼茨那里，所有的单子都有知觉，但是只有他称作“理性灵魂”的这一类特殊单子具有统觉。在他看来，正由于这种意识，我们才成为人。统觉概念在康德那里起着核心作用。康德区分了经验的统觉（内在感觉）和统觉的先验统一（我思）。前者相当于内省，后者伴随我们的一切表象，将概念和直观在知识中结合了起来。

69Transcendental philosophy先验哲学：Kant's term for an exhaustive and systematic analysis of the whole of a priori knowledge. In this philosophy, he sought to answer the question of how synthetic a priori judgements are possible. Transcendental philosophy is distinguished from ontology because it is concerned only with the concepts and principles of understanding and reason and takes objects as something given. According to Kant, the Critique of Pure Reason was to lay down the fundamentals for the whole system of transcendental philosophy, but because the Critique was an essential but incomplete examination of synthetic a priori knowledge it was not the whole system itself.康德的术语，是对整个先天知识的彻底的和系统的分析。在此哲学中，他试图回答：先天综合判断如何可能？先验哲学区别于本体论，因为它只涉及知性和理性的概念和原理，并把对象作为某种给予的东西。按康德的观点，《纯粹理性批判》的工作为先验哲学的整个体系打下了基础，但并不等于先验哲学，因为它是对先天综合知识的本质的而非完全的考察。

70Transcendental logic先验逻辑：The main part of Kant's Critique of Pure Reason, including both the transcendental analytic and the transcendental dialectic. Breaking from the pattern of traditional logic, which dealt strictly with the form of thoughts, transcendental logic not only excluded modes of knowledge which have empirical roots, but also sought to trace the origin of a priori knowledge. Transcendental logic used the table of judgements of traditional logic as a clue to determine the pure concepts of understanding or categories and proceeded to determine how these a priori concepts have objective reference. Transcendental logic also sought to explain the inevitable illusions of reason by its tendency to employ the categories beyond the limits of experience.康德《纯粹理性批判》的主要部分，包括先验分析论和先验辩证论。与严格地处理思维形式的传统逻辑不同，先验逻辑不仅排除具有经验来源的知识方式，它也追溯先天知识的来源。然而，先验逻辑利用传统逻辑的判断表作为确定纯粹知性概念或范畴的线索。并进而确定这些先天概念如何具有客观的指称。先验逻辑也力图通过理性应用范畴于经验界限之外 的倾向来解释理性的不可避免的幻觉。

71Aesthetic pleasure审美愉悦：Distinguished from both sensual pleasure and intellectual pleasure, aesthetic pleasure or aesthetic enjoyment is the emotional element in our response to works of art and natural beauty. It can vary from pleasure in its mildest form to rapturous enthusiasm. 区别于感官愉悦和智力愉悦，审美愉悦或审美享受是我们对艺术作品和自然美反应的情感元素。它可以从最温和的快乐到狂喜的热情。

72Association of ideas观念的联结：A view, especially important in Hume, explaining the patterned occurrence of ideas in our minds. The human mind can synthesise and combine various simple ideas into complex ones which are previously unknown. These principles are three in number: resemblance, contiguity in time and place and causation. 一种观点，尤指休谟的重要观点，用来解释思想在我们头脑中的模式发生人类的大脑可以将各种简单的想法综合起来，并将它们组合成以前不为人知的复杂想法。这些原则有三个:相似，时间和地点的相似性和因果关系。

73Axiology价值论：The general' study of value and valuation, including the meaning, characteristics and classification of value, the nature of evaluation and the character of value judgements. 对价值和价值的一般研究，包括价值的含义、特征和分类、评价的性质和价值判断的特征。

74Bad infinity坏无限：Hegel's term for an endless series advancing from one thing to another, like a straight line with no end. It is an infinite series of causes and effects and is separated from the finite. A bad infinity contrasts with true infinity, which is closely associated with the finite, for something which is infi nite in one perspective can also be finite in another. 黑格尔的术语，指从一物到别物进展的无穷系列,像一条没有终点的直线。它是原因和结果的无限系列,与有限相分离。坏无限相对于真无限，后者与有限密切相联,因为某物从一个角度来着是无限的,从另一角度来看是有限的。

75Beatifie vision至福直观：A term introduced by Thomas Aquinas for the vision of God. This vision does not use the senses, concepts or any mental structures or processes. Instead it is meant to be an intimate and direct union with God. T.阿奎那提出的术语，指对上帝的真观。 这种直观不用感官,不用概念,也不用任何心灵结构或过程,而是一种与上帝亲密的、直接的结合。

76Critical theory批判理论：A type of social theory that originated with western Marxist thinkers attached to the Institute of Social Research at the University of Frankfurt. Leading critical theorists included Max Horkheimer, Theodor W. Adorno and Herbert Marcuse. The Institute moved to Geneva and during the Second World War to the United States, but it returned to Germany in 1950. The original proponents of critical theory are also called the Frankfurt school. 一种社会理论，来源于与法兰克福大学社会研究所有关的西方马克思主义思想家。主要批判理论家有M.霍克海默、T.W.阿多诺和H.马尔库塞。这个研究所曾迁到日内瓦,在第二次世界大战期间又迁到美国，1950 年又迁回德国。因此,最初的批判理论的倡导者也被称为“法兰克福学派”。

指导老师：王松

信息收集：2022级哲学与社会发展学院博士研究生